Molecular pathway of insulin signaling showing healthy cells with insulin binding to insulin receptor activating IRS proteins, PI3K, AKT leading to GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake and FOXO1 inhibition suppressing gluconeogenesis; contrasted with type 2 diabetes cells showing serine phosphorylation of IRS1/2 impairing signaling, reduced GLUT4 mobilization, failure to suppress FOXO1 causing hyperglycemia; involvement of inflammatory kinases JNK, IKKβ, p38 and lipid intermediates DAG, ceramides disrupting pathway
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